Physics

Boundary Conditions

Wall Boundaries / Moving Boundaries
Both particle and polygon walls can be selected as wall boundaries. Polygon walls are effective in reducing memory usage and speeding up calculations. It is also possible to reproduce complex movements of walls (objects) by using the motion setting function.

Inflow Boundaries
Inflow boundaries allows for the generation of fluid or powder over time. The flow can be specified by its velocity or flow rate (volume). Inflows are movable.

Moving / Periodic Boundaries
The mesh-free method allows the simulation region to be moved. This saves computational resources when simulating a large region, such as a waterway driving test. Periodic boundaries are also supported.

Viscosity

Newtonian / Non-Newtonian Fluids
Particleworks can simulate non-Newtonian fluids such as power-law or Bingham fluid as well as Newtonian fluids. For more detailed control over viscosity, you can specify custom functions or data tables.

High-Viscosity Fluids
When simulating high-viscosity fluids, the explicit method tends to give a smaller time step, resulting in a longer calculation. In contrast, Particleworks’ implicit method maintains a constant time step, making it an ideal solution for such simulations.

Pressure

Implicit / Explicit Methods
The explicit method speeds up calculation by giving a suitable speed of sound.

Suppression of Pressure Oscillation
Spatial pressure oscillation can be suppressed using this function, resulting in higher accuracy.

Rigid Bodies

The interaction between complex flow and non-deforming objects or rigid bodies can be analyzed straightforwardly.

Washout simulation of scrap metal
​(CG rendering)

Surface Tension

Particleworks offers two models: The CSF model calculates surface tension from the geometric shape of the object, whereas the Potential model uses interfacial energy between objects.
You can set contact angles between two different states of matter, such as wall-fluid and fluid-fluid. Multiple non-mixable fluids can be simulated, such as oil and water. 

Turbulence

To simulate turbulence flows, Particleworks uses a hybrid model in which LES (Large Eddy Simulation) is combined with resolution enhancement near walls.

Air Resistance

Particleworks can import data points calculated by external CFD programs (in CSV format), such as airflow field around a car body . This function is useful when analyzing the behavior of droplets with air resistance.

Conjugate heat transfer analysis​

Heat transfer analysis between fluids and structures has been enhanced and its performance improved.

User function definition of heat transfer coefficient​

As a user function, you can define a formula for calculating the heat transfer coefficient according to the flow field.

Gas-liquid two-phase flow analysis​

It enables efficient analysis of gas-liquid two-phase flows.